Some exciting archaeological finds

The first Greek mummy has been found and is being analyzed by a team of Swiss researchers. She was embalmed in oils and spices, much like the Egyptian process, and some hair including her eyebrows remains. She dates from about 300 CE, and the article notes gravely that they have been unable to determine a cause of death.

Another first, the first complete chariot to be found in Bulgaria has been unearthed in a Thracian tomb in southeastern Bulgaria. This is very exciting! The chariot is about 1900 years old and in a good state of preservation. Nearby they found well-preserved brass and leather that they think to be the harness, even more exciting than the chariot.

In Turkey, a head thought to be the empress Faustina has been found! It’s been a good summer for digging, including for a friend of mine working on a dig in Israel who spent several weeks finding an excitingly-curved wall and some mosaics this year. (And a lot of time washing pottery!)

Lesbian anti-lesbian group ordered to pay court costs

A Greek court denies the petition of three residents of Lesbos to restrict the adjective “Lesbian” from being applied to gay women, and orders the complainants to pay court costs. I’m sure almost everyone has heard about this case by now–it first hit the news quite a while back–but I thought that while I’m posting links today, I might as well hit this one as well.

These residents were apparently upset that some gay people were using the word “lesbian” to refer to themselves, and decided to do something about it. Of course, they didn’t decide to do something constructive about it–I’m sure the fact that it has absolutely no power over global speech habits had something to do with the court’s decision. Note that the identification of gay people and Lesbos has led to a protracted upswing in island tourism.

One cannot help but call to mind the recent flap over the American Family Association’s policy of globally replacing the word “gay” with the word “homosexual” on their “news” site OneNewsNow. At least, one cannot help it if one is Jane and has a lively sense of the absurd.

Orthographic regularity? In my essay?

It’s less likely than you think, especially if you’re a first-year college student.

Ken Smith, at Bucks New University, is only the latest to suggest that orthographic regularity and good grammar are things of the past, and should be treated as such. This old chestnut pops up every few years and is promptly shut down again, thankfully, unlike such grammar-school atrocities as teaching reading through word recognition, which comes into vogue like very slow clockwork every fifteen years or so.

Many of the English spelling conventions decried by the spelling-challenged come directly from my beloved Greek (the word phonetic itself cannot be spelled phonetically, as wags often note, because it’s based on φωνη). However, even were I not a classicist, as someone who has had the duty of grading hundreds of first-year essays every year, I cannot see the virtues of accepting phonetic spellings for commonly-used words as clearly as Professor Smith does. I cannot imagine how much longer it would take to decipher my students’ essays if I did not hold them to ordinary spelling and grammar conventions. The amazing misspellings I have sometimes seen in essays, despite the ready availability of spellcheck, attest to that. Orthographic regularity is not an old-fashioned constraint on modern freedom of expression: it is a kindness to your readers.

I will, however, admit to an awful joy in first-year malapropisms. The drop-down thesaurus, coupled with an insufficient grasp of the nuances of vocabulary and an unwillingness to look up words in the dictionary, provides a great deal of amusement during a long night of grading.

Odysseus’s homecoming dated

Marcelo O. Magnasco of Rockefeller University in New York and Constantino Baikouzis of the Astronomical Observatory in La Plata, Argentina have dated the revenge of Odysseus precisely, using mentions of astronomical phenomena in the Odyssey. The Odyssey covers a timespan of only forty days¹, and each of the days is clearly noted in the epic. There are frequent mentions of planets, stars, and constellations, and coupled with Theoklymenos’s statement in Book 20, which they, and many others, interpret as a total solar eclipse, these scholars have assigned a date to the murder of the suitors: April 16, 1178 BCE.

τοῖσι δὲ καὶ μετέειπε Θεοκλύμενος θεοειδής:

“ἆ δειλοί, τί κακὸν τόδε πάσχετε; νυκτὶ μὲν ὑμέων
εἰλύαται κεφαλαί τε πρόσωπά τε νέρθε τε γοῦνα.
οἰμωγὴ δὲ δέδηε, δεδάκρυνται δὲ παρειαί,
αἵματι δ᾽ ἐρράδαται τοῖχοι καλαί τε μεσόδμαι:
εἰδώλων δὲ πλέον πρόθυρον, πλείη δὲ καὶ αὐλή,
ἱεμένων Ἔρεβόσδε ὑπὸ ζόφον: ἠέλιος δὲ
οὐρανοῦ ἐξαπόλωλε, κακὴ δ᾽ ἐπιδέδρομεν ἀχλύς.” (20.350-57)

The three–no, six–loves.

Fox News recently ran this column by “sexpert” Dr Yvonne Fulbright partially reviewing Jenny Block’s new book Open, a memoir detailing her marriage’s transition from cheating to polyamory. (Disclaimer: I have not read Ms. Block’s book.)

Dr Fulbright’s column begins with the misuse of a philosophical term of art (“begging the question” is not “manifestly asking something”) and continues on through some fairly pedestrian musings on the nature of relationships only to bring the reader up short with a description of “multiple types of love”, supposedly as named by the Greeks, complete with names for these love styles. In Greek. Sort of (about which more in a moment). In reality, this list of “love types” has been lifted without attribution from John Lee, who published a book, The colors of love (1973) and then an article, “Love Styles” in The psychology of love (1988). Let us take a closer look.

Fulbright writes:

While our society has set one standard for love and relationships, other societies have recognized that multiple types of each exist. The Greeks had several words for different types of love, including:

Eros –- erotic love involving physical attraction and emotional intensity;

Agape –- sacrificial love involving placing a loved one’s welfare above your own;

Storge –- love as friendship and companionship;

Pragma –- love as a “shopping list” of desired attributes, such as being a good parent;

Ludus –- love as a game;

Mania –- jealous, obsessive, dependent love.

This seems pretty straightforward. The Greeks were so advanced that they had sixty words for love! This is like the eighty Inuit words for snow. Now I feel enlightened about the linguistic nobility of the savages, and am definitely ready to kick ass at Trivial Pursuit.